How can I obtain a patent which is universal all over the world?

First off, let me be a little picky about your terms. You want to know about a patent that is worldwide, not universal. There are no patents on Jupiter.

There also is not a worldwide patent right. Each country (or the few groups of countries who form these groups for patent purposes) has its own patents that grant patent rights in those countries. Even if you filed an application and obtained a patent in every country that has patents, you still wouldn’t have worldwide coverage because there are some countries without a patent system.

It is not likely that you need patent rights in every country anyway, so it all works out.

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How to Obtain Business Registration Certificate in Vietnam?

How to establish a joint stock company or limited liability?

Every organization and individual wishing to set up a foreign owned company in Vietnam shall need to meet some specifics conditions as promulgated under the Law on Investment and Law on Enterprise.  In specific areas being considered as conditional investment, the investor shall also need to consult with the law governing the area of investment. Once the investment registration certificate is completed, the investor has the obligation to apply for enterprise registration.

The procedure to register for a certificate of enterprise registration of a joint stock company or limited liability with two or more members are herein mentioned:

Dossiers:

i) Application form for enterprise registration

ii) The company’s charter.

iii) A list of founding shareholders and shareholders being foreign investors/ a list of capital contribution members.

iv) Valid copies of:

Copies of the ID card or other ID papers of founding shareholders and foreign investors/members being individuals; list of authorized representatives of foreign shareholders being organizations.

Decision on establishment, certificate of business registration, or an equivalent document of the organization and the letter of authorization; the ID card or other ID papers of the authorized representatives of founding shareholders and foreign investors being organizations.

If shareholders are foreign organizations, the copy of the certificate of business registration or an equivalent document must be notarized, legalized and authenticated.

The Certificate of Investment registration of the foreign investors as prescribed by the Law on Investment.

State Authority: Business registration office of the province where the enterprise’s headquarters is situated.

Period: within 03 working days from the full receipt of the dossiers

Result: Business registration office shall issue the certificate of enterprise registration or if the application is not satisfactory, business registration office shall inform the applicant of necessary revisions and supplementation to company.

In general, Vietnam government encourages foreign direct investment.  If the investor faces challenges at state authority, whom do not issue notification or request of supplementation to the application for enterprise registration, the investor cold lodge a complaint as prescribed by regulations of law on complaints and denunciation to the state authority to protect its right in doing business andinvestment in Vietnam. A law firm in Vietnam with expertise in both business registration and dispute resolution could assist the investor in the process.

The enterprise is entitled to do business from the issuance date of the certificate of enterprise registration. For conditional business lines, enterprises are entitled to engage in conditional business lines if they satisfy all conditions and are capable to maintain fulfillment of such conditions throughout their operation

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Are there any differences in filing a Trademark application in Vietnam as compared to your home country?

The legal protection of Trademark is based on the principle of territoriality. That means each nation is free to regulate the use of intellectual property on its own territory. For instance, it can only grant protection titles to the domestic brands while denying foreigners. In order to overcome such problems, nations around the world have been reaching and signed a number of international treaties which was built on the principle of territoriality. There was a remarkable achievement that nations established certain rules that all member States must respect. Member States shall protect trademarks of companies of other member States as if they were his own citizen (so called principle of national treatment). In other words, assuming that Vietnam and France are member States, Vietnam is bound to treat French enterprises the same rules that it applies to Vietnamese firms. As a consequence, there are not any differences in principle when filing a Trade mark application in Vietnam as compared other State members. However, practically, for filing a Trade mark application in Vietnam, there might some additional requirements or language of necessary documents as following:

1.Right to register marks: According to Article 89 Law on intellectual, foreign individuals not permanently residing in Vietnam and foreign organizations and individuals without production or business establishments in Vietnam could not file applications for Trademark registration by themselves but through their lawful representatives in Vietnam by POA (Power of Attorney).

2.Solving the language barrier: Foreign individuals permanently residing in Vietnam and foreign organizations and individuals whose production or business establishments are in Vietnam could file applications for Trademark by themselves. However, the language barrier might be the problem because Applicants shall fill a standard form in Vietnamese and submit this form to the NOIP accompanies by documents evidencing the registration right, the priority right or other documents supporting the application. All these documents could be made in another language but shall be translated into Vietnamese at the request of the State administrative body for industrial property rights

To be accepted, the sample of the Trademark must be clearly described by words in order to clarify elements of the mark and the comprehensive meaning of the mark, if any; where the mark consists of words or phrases in a foreign language, such words or phrases must be translated into Vietnamese.

3.Time for request your priority claim: Priority claim shall not be automatically recognized in Vietnam, therefore the claim for the priority right must be clearly stated in the application accompanied by a copy of the first application certified by the first IP office.

4.Applying “First to use” or “first to file” principle: In Vietnam, “first to file” principle is applied, that is far cry from so-called “first to use” countries. The “first to file” principle means rights in a trademark generally are acquired only through registration therefore a trademark owner can apply to Trademarkregistration without having used it anywhere and at any time. Kindly be advised that if you come from the United States, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand where trademark rights are generally acquired through use.

All in all, these treaties built up a harmonized system that benefits the international firms to protect their Trademark outside of the home nation. The local qualified Intellectual property Agent might support the international firms in overcoming the barrier of language and these additional requirements.

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What is a typical strategy for filing software patent applications worldwide?

If you want to patent your software worldwide, you have a lot of filing ahead of you. Generally speaking, the filing needs to be done in a relatively timely manner too, so missing deadlines happens routinely. I would suggest consulting with an intellectual property (IP) attorney who can help you meet all of the necessary requirements because they can be tricky.

Filing with the patent cooperation treaty (PCT) really will only give you an opinion as to whether your software can be patented in the countries that signed the treaty. This can be helpful because searching all of the countries on your own would be troublesome. However, after the search, you will still be without a patent.

So, if you file with the PCT for an opinion first, you will still be left with all of the actual patent filing to do. You will then need to file for any foreign patents that you wish to obtain. Each patent will have separate requirements.

Again, my suggested strategy would be to consult with an attorney. An experienced intellectual property attorney will be able to search for any conflicting patents and will also be able to file your patent applications for you. You will have to pay your attorney a fee, though, and I know that this is not ideal. But, it is possible to save money on attorney fees.

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Actively Review and Cut-off Unnecessary Business Conditions

Vietnam Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc asked the Ministries to research, actively self-review to amend or proposed modifications, cutting business conditions which are not reasonable and unnecessary.

On August 22^nd 2017 , under the chairmanship of Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc, the Government held a legislative session to give comments on the draft law on competition (revised); the draft law amending and supplementing some articles of the law on environmental protection tax; draft law on administrative unit and special economic zones; discuss on the report synthesizing the results of reviews and proposals of ministries and agencies on the drafting of laws to amend and supplement the laws relating to land, construction, housing, business and planning…

According to the Ministry of Planning and Investment, there are still 4,284 business investment requirements and conditions in 243 industries under the management of 15 ministries, which are regulated in 237 legal normative documents. The Ministry of Planning and Investment proposes to abolish all or part of the business investment conditions in finance, location, production capacity, human resources, business methods, planning…

Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) has proposed to abolish 96 conditions of business and amend 13 conditions in 3 sectors: industry, transportation, science and technology.

Regarding the draft law on special administrative and economic units aim to create legal bases for the establishment, development, management and operation of 3 special zones namely Van Don (Quang Ninh), North Van Phong (Khanh Hoa) and Phu Quoc (Kien Giang).

In terms of the draft law amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Law on Environmental Protection Tax, the Prime Minister emphasized that the role of amending and supplementing this law in the context that environmental regulations violation is complicated. complex. According to the Ministry of Finance – the drafting agency, the current environmental protection tax policy has revealed some obstacles that need to be finalized in order to ensure that this is an important economic tool, contributing to limiting the production and use of goods that pollute the environment, encouraging the use of environmentally friendly goods towards sustainable development.

Commenting on the draft Law on Competition, the Prime Minister said that the Ministry of Industry and Trade should thoroughly review the unfair competition practices so as not to overlap with other laws.

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How do patents work for cosmetics?

How do patents work for cosmetics? What can be done if there is already a patent that exists for my idea?

This is an American perspective. Patents for cosmetics do not work very well.

A lot of the applications I see are mostly marketing proposals “we are using all natural organic ingredients…” to do what one would expect these ingredients to do. Well, that’s not patentable subject matter under section 101 of the Patent Act because it is directed to a natural compound that does not perform a surprising result.

It’s easy enough to get around this. You can add a single non-naturally occurring preservative, but then you are not selling something, “using all natural organic ingredients…” and that messes with your marketing.

The next problem is that you need to have at least one ingredient that has never been used in cosmetics before. This is really hard to do because old patent applications in this field list thousands of ingredients that can be combined in all quantities from 0.1 to 99%. Those applications render almost any combination of “all natural organic ingredients” either anticipated or obvious.

Now, if you do have a new non-naturally occuring active ingredient, then, of course, the patent system, in conjunction with the exclusivity provided in some instances with the FDA works really well. So well, that other countries have started modeling the American system. 

You may want to have a patent attorney take a look at the other patents that exist in your space. It is possible that you may be able to capture some value from those patent owners.

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What Are Trademark Classes?

A trademark class is a category in which a trademark is put into. Each class covers certain similar goods or services which the trademark covers. For example, class 25 covers clothing. If you apply for a trademark and tell the trademark office that your trademark will be used to represent shirts, for example, your trademark will be put into class 25. You can potentially get a trademark for a name that someone already has a trademark for, if you apply for a different class.

When you apply for a trademark, you need to tell the trademark office what goods or services this trademark will represent. For Before reading further, make sure you understand the basics of what a trademark is. You should know what it means that a trademark acts as an identifier of source. To get the 101 on trademarks, read What is a Trademark? first.

example, Coke will tell the trademark office that the Coca-Cola trademark will be used to represent soft drinks. When people see Coca-Cola on soft drinks, Coke wants people to know that the soft drink was made by Coca-Cola. When approved, Coke’s trademark will prevent people from using the Coca-Cola name on soft drinks, and anything that is similar to soft drinks. This is because soft drinks was indicated on Coke’s trademark application. If someone uses the name Coca-Cola on a completely unrelated product, bookshelves for example, they may be able to do so since bookshelves are quite different from soft drinks.

When the trademark office looked at Coke’s trademark application for Coca-Cola, they put the trademark into class 32 which is the class for most beverages. This is because when Coke applied for the trademark, they told the trademark office the trademark will be used to represent soft drinks and the trademark office knew to put the application into class 32. Now that they have their trademark approved and put into class 32, the class can help others determine how much protection the trademark covers. Generally speaking, if Coke has a trademark in class 32, you likely cannot use their trademark with any product that is also in class 32. For example, you likely cannot use Coca-Cola to sell juices. Further, if you applied for the trademark Coca-Cola to try and represent any product in class 32, such as juices for example, you likely will be rejected. This is because Coke already has a trademark for Coca-Cola in class 32, and you are trying to apply for the same name to represent goods in the same class Coke already is in.

Generally speaking again, if you were to apply for the same name in a different class, you may be able to get a trademark. Let’s look at an example with the name “Dove”:

You can see above that there is a Dove soap and there is also a Dove Chocolate, trademarks owned by two separate companies. The simple explanation as to why they can both own trademarks for Dove is because they have applied for trademarks in different classes. Dove owned by Mars is in class 30 for chocolates, whereas Dove owned by Unilever is in class 3 for soaps.

However, there is a longer explanation. The real reason that both companies can each own a trademark for Dove is not necessarily because they have applied for goods that are in different classes, but rather because the trademark office believes that people buying Dove chocolate will not be confused and think that the chocolate was made by the company that makes soap. Vice versa, the trademark office believes that people buying Dove soap will not think the soap was made by the company that makes chocolate. The key is that the trademark office is convinced that there is no likelihood to cause confusion by both companies each having the trademark for the name Dove. In other words, the main reason Dove chocolate and Dove soap can both exist is because the trademark office considers chocolate and soap different enough that people will not be confused as to which company is making each. It just so happens that chocolate and soap are in different classes, which is usually true when two trademarks of the same name coexist, but not always.

Building on this concept, it is possible for two people to have the same trademark and coexist in the same class. Conversely, it is possible to apply for a trademark that already exists in one class, but file it in a different class and get rejected. It all comes down to whether the trademark office thinks the goods and services that are represented by the two marks are likely to cause confusion with buyers. For example, Coke has a trademark Coca-Cola for sodas in class 32. Tea drinks are actually part of a different class, class 30 which is the class for tea and coffee. If you were to apply for a trademark for Coca-Cola in class 30 for tea, do you think you would be approved? The answer is likely not. Because tea and soft drinks are both drinks, it is likely for buyers to be confused if you have a trademark for Coca-Cola in class 30 and Coke has one for class 32. If you label your tea as Coca-Cola, buyers will not be sure whether the tea was made by you, or by Coke, and thus confused as to who made it. In this example, even though you are applying in a different class than an existing trademark of the same name, you are likely to be rejected. In an example of the reverse, if you are applying for a mark in a class where another same mark already exists, you could still get approved if you can convince the trademark office that the goods you are selling are so different from the goods of the other mark in the same class that there would be no confusion to buyers. However, this is generally difficult since the trademark class system has been designed so that similar products and services are put into the same class.

So let’s think strategy. Let’s say you start a company called Widget and you will sell sodas and teas. You want to prevent others from also selling sodas and teas by the name of Widget. Should you apply for sodas in class 32 or teas in class 30? The answer, is for best protection you should apply for both. If you have one trademark for sodas in class 32 and another for teas in class 30, you ensure that both teas and sodas are covered. Filing in both classes, however, requires double the fees. The trademark office charges for each different class you file in. You may say well let me just file in class 32 for sodas only, I should be fine since you said earlier if someone else files for the same name in class 30 for teas they likely would be rejected by the trademark office since teas and sodas are so similar. This may be true, but do you want to risk it? If someone can make a convincing argument to the trademark office that the teas they sell will not cause buyers to be confused with the sodas you sell, they may get the trademark for teas in class 30. Therefore, to be safe, the best way is to file for both class 32 and class 30, and pay double the fees needed to do so. This is how the major corporations do it. They will cover many classes to ensure that people cannot use their trademark name on practically any good or service. As of this writing, Coke has 61 trademarks for Coca-Cola and similar variations, spanning multiple classes.

There are 45 total trademark classes. When you apply for a trademark application, you will indicate what goods and services your trademark will represent. The trademark office will then compare your trademark to similar trademarks and make a subjective decision as to whether your mark and what it represents is likely to cause confusion with another mark and what that mark represents. If the trademark office thinks there is no likelihood to cause confusion, they will approve. otherwise, they will reject and you have an opportunity to argue back for approval. There is no guarantee that a trademark application will be approved as whether you are likely to cause confusion with another mark is a subjective determination made by an examiner at the trademark office. This is true even if nobody has the exact same name you are applying for. The only way to get a trademark is to apply and wait for a decision by the trademark office. To maximize your chances of approval, however, you should apply for trademarks that are as different from existing trademarks as possible, and list goods and services that are as different as possible from the goods and services of existing trademarks. You also don’t get your money back if your application is rejected or filed improperly, so best file it properly the first time around.

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Google’s Book Scanning and Copyright Laws

As you may know, Google is making an effort to scan every book in the world. The goal is to create a giant online database of every book that can be searched. One small problem is the fact that Google is violating copyright laws.

Copyright

Google argues its book database doesn’t violate copyright laws. The company suggests it only shows short passages and accompanies the text with ads showcasing where the full books can be purchased. Of course, the ads are Google Adwords from which the company makes a tidy profit.

On Tuesday, the search goliath rolled out stand-alone book search services in 14 countries. The same day, the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA) became the latest publishers' organization to call Google's opt-out strategy backwards.

Authors, Publishers and publishing associations are not happy. While Google only publishes the full text of books in the public domain, it is still copying entire books for which it has no permission. Google claims it can do this because the books are being scanned from versions owned by public libraries. Fearing an avalanche of lawsuits, Google backed off.

In August, Google stopped scanning copyrighted books in public library collections. At the same time, it gave publishers the right to submit lists of books the publishers didn’t want scanned. As you can image, publishers still aren’t happy.

The Arrogance of Google

Once viewed as the underdog to giants such as Microsoft, Google continues to act like the local school bully. In this case, the company has taken such an arrogant approach that lawsuits are inevitable. Google is going to take a beating in the lawsuits and here is why.

Consider the neighborhood you live in. What if a local crime syndicate informed every household it was going to steal everything in each household. Undoubtedly, there would be calls of outrage. In response, what if the crime syndicate then suggested you could send a list of items in your house that you didn’t want stolen? This is exactly what Google is doing.

Google’s decision to scan every book in the world is idealistic, but laughably simple minded. At a time when the recording industry is suing teenagers for file swapping, one would think Google would get a clue.

Author:Richard A. Chapo

Source: Articlecity.com

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Labour Matters and Labour Legal Compliance

The labor management is one of the most important matters in the operation of enterprises.  For the employee, he or she has to fulfill the job requirements as per labour contract, follow internal labour regulations, and work under the supervision of the employer.  For employer, complying with  regulations include paying salary, ensuring benefits, and other mandatory labour compliance as per labour laws and collective labour agreements signed.

The following recaps the labour matters and labour legal compliance according to Vietnam labour laws:

1.      To make reports on labor use according to the provisions of Article 6, Circular No. 23/2014/TT-BLDTBXH dated August 29th 2014 (Circular 23).

2.      To make periodical reports on the use and change of labor according to the provisions of Point d, Clause 2, Article 6 of the Labor Code 2012 and Clause 2, Article 8 of Decree No. 03/2014/ND-CP and Clause 2, Article 6 of the Circular 23.

3.      To make and use labor management books as guided in Article 7 of Circular 23.

4.      Build and send wage scales, payroll, technical standards, titles, professional standards and labor norms in accordance with Article 93 of Labor Code 2012 and Chapter III of Decree No. 49/2013/ND-CP dated May 14th 2013

5.      To participate and pay social insurance, health insurance, unemployment insurance for employees in accordance with current law.

6.      To construct and register the labor regulations of the unit in accordance with Article 119, Clause 1, Clause 2, Article 120 of the Labor Code 2012, Chapter V of Decree No. 05/2015/ND-CP dated January 12th (Decree 05) and Chapter III of Circular 47/2015/TT-BLDTBXH dated November 15th 2015.

7.      To develop and promulgate the Grassroots Democracy Regulation; Statute of periodical dialogue in the workplace as stipulated in Decree 60/2013/ND-CP dated June 19th 2013

8.      To negotiate, sign and send the Collective Labor Agreement to the provincial labor authority in accordance with Chapter V of the Labor Code 2012, Chapter III of Decree 05 and Article 3 of Circular 29/2015/TT-BLDTBXH dated July 31st 2015 (this is optional).

9.      To make explanatory reports on the demand for use, the procedures for the grant and re-grant of work permits and the implementation of reporting regimes according to the provisions of Decree No. 11/2016/ND-CP dated March 2nd 2016 and Circular 40/2016/TT-BLDTBXH dated October 25th 2016 (if employing foreign workers).

10. To formulate and promulgate the Regulation on evaluation of the performance of tasks as provided in Clause 1, Article 12 of Decree 05 (This content is part of the company’s working regulations and we must have this content to be able to unilaterally terminate the labor contract with the employee under Clause 1, Article 38 of the Labor Code 2012).

11. To carry out the procedures for the establishment of a grassroots trade union organization in accordance with the provisions of Paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 189 of the Labor Code 2012 and Article 5 of the Trade Union Law 2012 (This is not mandatory but depends on the quantity of workers want to join the union of the company).

12. To report on occupational accidents, technical incidents causing serious unsafety and occupational hygiene at the unit as provided in Clause 1, Article 36 of the Law on Occupational Safety and Hygiene 2015 (if any); Periodically report on occupational accidents according to the provisions of Clause 1, Article 24 of Decree No. 39/2016/ND-CP dated May 15th 2016 (Decree 39).

13. To report annually on occupational safety and health as provided in Article 10 of Circular 07/2016/TT-BLDTBXH dated May 15th 2016

14. To declare the fatal occupational accident or serious injury of 2 or more laborers as stipulated in Clause 1, Article 34 of the Law on Occupational Safety and Hygiene 2015; Article 10 of Decree 39 (if any).

15. To monitor, manage and declare the use of machines, equipments and materials with strict requirements on labor safety in accordance with Articles 30 and 31 of the Law on Occupational Safety and Hygiene, Article 16 of Decree 44/2016/ND-CP dated May 15th 2016 (Decree 44) (if any); Circular 53/2016/TT-BLDTBXH dated December 28th 2016

16. To arrange full-time officials working in occupational safety and health in accordance with Article 36 of Decree 39.

17. To arrange staff to work in the health sector in accordance with Article 37 of Decree 39.

18. To provide material allowances to laborers working under dangerous and harmful conditions (if any) according to the provisions of Article 24 of the Law on Occupational Safety and Hygiene 2015; Circular 25/2013/TT-BLDTBXH dated October 18th 2013

19. To review, classify and organize occupational safety and health training for laborers as stipulated in Article 14 of the Law on Occupational Safety and Health 2015; Article 17 of Decree 44.

20. To organize health examination and treatment of occupational diseases for laborers according to the provisions of Article 21 of the Law on Occupational Safety and Hygiene 2015.

21. To compile the workers’ health records and labor sanitation dossiers according to the provisions of Circular No. 19/2016/TT-BYT dated June 30th 2016

22. To allocate and monitor personal protective devices for laborers according to the provisions of Article 23 of the Law on Occupational Safety and Hygiene 2015; Circular 04/2014/TT-BLDTBXH dated Feruary 12th 2014

23. To develop and implement an annual plan for occupational safety and health; Occupational safety and health regulations of the enterprise for each working area; Safe working methods for each type of work; Control of risk and harmful factors; Risk assessment on occupational safety and health; The plan for handling technical incidents causing serious unsafety and emergency rescue as provided in Articles 15, 18, 76, 77 and 78 of the Law on Occupational Safety and Hygiene 2015.

24. To develop a plan for implementation of the month of action on occupational safety and health in accordance with Circular 02/2017/TT-BLDTBXH dated February 20th, 2017

It is important the company to retain law firm in Vietnamwith labour expertise to avoid non compliance and disputes to be arisen.

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Issuance of Work Permit for Foreigner Online

From October 2^nd 2017, the issuance of work permits to foreign employees working in Vietnam via Internet will be applied in accordance with the guidance of Circular No. 23/2017/TT-BLDTBXH issued by the Ministry of Labor – Invalids and Social Affairs on August 15^th 2017.

Accordingly, the issuance and re-issuance of work permits for foreigners will be made via the electronic portal: http://dvc.vieclamvietnam.gov.vn. Employers must register their account to log into the Portal.

Before at least 7 working days, from the date the foreign worker intends to commence work, the employer must declare the information in the declaration form and submit the application for work permit via the electronic portal. The dossier includes: The declaration form and enclosed papers in accordance with the provisions of law on e-transactions and management of foreign laborers working in Vietnam; if the attached documents are in the form of paper, the employer must convert to electronic versions like pdf, doc, docx or jpg.

Within 5 working days from the date of receiving the dossier, the licensing agency shall reply via email to the employer. If the dossier is invalid, the licensing agency must clearly state the reasons.

Upon receipt of the result of notification of valid dossiers, the employers shall submit directly or by post the originals of the work permit application dossiers to the licensing agency for inspection, comparison and archive regulations. Within a maximum of 08 working hours from the date of receipt of the original application, the licensing agency shall return the result to the employer.

This Circular comes into effect from October 2^nd 2017.

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Propose to Remove Nearly 2,000 Business Conditions

The Ministry of Planning and Investment has proposed to remove nearly 2,000 business conditions from ministries and sectors that are thought to cause difficulties and obstacles for businesses.

According to the report of the Ministry of Planning and Investment submitted to the Government, this agency proposed to remove 1,930 requirements and conditions on business that are considered as sublicenses hinder business for a long time. Of these, the Ministry proposed removing all or part of 302 financial conditions. In addition, 85 business conditions on location and 1,336 conditions on production capacity, 127 conditions on business methods, 80 conditions on planning… are proposed to be abandoned entirely.

In addition, other business conditions related to human resources issues (except for some professions that require professional qualifications and experiences such as doctor and auditor) and some conditions with inappropriate contents, the Ministry also recommends the abolition of all or part.

According to the report of the Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM), there are about 4,284 business conditions, corresponding with 243 conditional investment businesses. Of these, the Ministry of Industry and Trade has the highest number of business conditions with 1,152 conditions; next is the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Health…

Most of these business conditions are creating unreasonable barriers to investment, entry into the market, limiting the number of newly registered businesses, increasing production costs, discouraging businesses.

Moreover, business conditions also reduce market competition, productivity and competitiveness of the economy. Businesses also face with many risks in the process of operation when many business conditions are unclear, creating opportunities for the arbitrariness of state management agencies and the harassment of officials… These effects are going backwards and hinder the Government’s resolve to improve the business environment and cut costs for businesses.

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Can I copyright something on behalf of another person?

I’m afraid the Copyright Act beat you to it. Copyright arises automatically under the law at the time a copyrightable work is created and “fixed in a tangible medium of expression” (e.g., drawn on paper, saved in digital format, recorded on tape, etc.). What that means is that your cousin’s logo design was protected by copyright law as soon as she created it, and she has owned the copyright since that time.

What you may be thinking of is the act of registering a copyright with the Copyright Office. Registering a copyright doesn't create the copyright itself — it simply records a person’s claim to a particular copyright with the federal government. (It also provides some very valuable benefits in the event someone infringes the copyright, which is the primary reason most people and businesses do it.) Unfortunately though, you aren't permitted to register someone else's copyright unless you’re acting as the copyright owner’s authorized agent. So, at least assuming you want the gift to be a surprise, the Copyright Office won't permit you to register the copyright in the logo since you don't have your cousin’s authorization. But you certainly can help your cousin do it herself or even ask her for authorization to be her agent for the purpose of registering the copyright.

                                                                                                                                                               

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